Appendixes A-C

Numerical symbol		Structure	Stems of		'Name'
		H3C-(R)-CO2H	systematic namesa	trivial namesb	symbol
1	10:0	-[CH2]8-	Decano-	Capr-c	Dec
2	12:0	-[CH2]l0-	Dodecano-	Laur-	Lau
3	14:0	-[CH2]12-	Tetradecano-	Myrist-	Myr
4	16:0	-[CH2]14-	Hexadecano-	Palmit-	Pam
5	16:1	-[CH2]5CH=CH[CH2]7-	9-Hexadeceno-	Palmitole-	DPam
6	18:0	-[CH2]16-	Octadecano-	Stear-	Ste
7	18:1(9)	-[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]7-	cis-9-Octadeceno-	Ole-	Ole
8	18:1(11)	-[CH2]5CH=CH[CH2]9-	11-Octadeceno-	Vaccen-	Vac
9	18:2(9,12)	-[CH2]3(CH2CH=CH)2[CH2]7-	cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadieno-	Linole	Lin
10	18:3(9,12,15)	-(CH2CH=CH)3[CH2]7-	9,12,15-Octadecatrieno-	(9,12,15)-Linolen-	aLnn
11	18:3(6,9,12)	-[CH2]3(CH2CH=CH)3[CH2]4-	6,9,12-Octadecatrieno-	(6,9,12)-Linolen-	gLnn
12	18:3(9,11,13)	-[CH2]3(CH=CH)3[CH2]7-	9,11,13-Octadecatrieno-	Eleostear-	eSte
13	20:0	-[CH2]18-	Icosano-d	Arachid-	Ach
14	20:2(8,11)	-[CH2]6(CH2CH=CH)2[CH2]6-	8,11-Icosadieno-d		D2Ach
15	20:3(5,8,11)	-[CH2]6(CH2CH=CH)3[CH2]3-	5,8,11-Icosatrieno-d		D3Ach
16	20:4(5,8,11,14)	-[CH2]3(CH2CH=CH)4[CH2]3-	5,8,11,14-Icosatetraeno-d	Arachidon-	D4Ach
17	22:0	-[CH2]20-	Docosano-	Behen-	Beh
18	24:0	-[CH2]22-	Tetracosano-	Lignocer-	Lig
19	24:1	-[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]13-	cis-15-Tetracoseno-	Nervon-	Ner
20	26:0	[CH2]24-	Hexacosano-	Cerot-	Crt
21	28:0	-[CH2]26-	Octacosano-	Montan-	Mon

^a Ending in '-ic', '-ate', '-yl', for acid, salt or ester, acyl radical, respectively.

^b Ending in '-ic', '-ate', '-oyl' for acid, salt or ester, or acyl radical, respectively.

^c Not recommended because of confusion with caproic (hexanoic) and caprylic (octanoic) acids. Decanoic is preferred.

^d Formerly 'eicosa' (Changed by IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1975).

Appendix B. Symbols recommended for various constituents of lipids

Name	Symbola
For alkyl radicalsb	R
Methyl, ethyl, . . . dodecyl	Me, Et, Pr, Bu, Pe, Hx, Hp, Oc, Nn, Dec, Und, Dod
For aliphatic carboxylic acidsb	Acyl (not abbreviated), RCO-
Formyl, acetyl, glycoloyl, propionyl	Fo (or HCO), Ac, Gc, Pp
Butyryl, valeryl	Br, Vl
Hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl	Hxo, Hpo, Oco
Nonanoyl, decanoyl, undecanoyl	Nno, Dco, Udo
Lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl	Lau, Myr, Pam
Stearoyl, eleostearoyl, linoleoyl, arachidonoyl	Ste, eSte, Lin, D4Ach
For glycerol and its oxidation productsc
Glycerol, glyceraldehyde, glycerone, glyceric acid	Gro, Gra, Grn, Gri
For 'glycosyl'	Ose
Glucose, galactose, fucose....	Glcd, Gal, Fuc ...
Gluconic acid, glucuronic acid	GlcA, GlcUe
Glucosaminef, N-acetylglucosamine	GlcN, GlcNAc
Neuraminic, sialic, muramic acids	Neu, Sia, Mur
N-Acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloylneuraminic acid	NeuAcg, NeuGc
Deoxy	d
Miscellaneous
Ceramide, choline, ethanolamine	Cer, Cho, Etnh
Inositol, serine	Ins, Ser
Phosphatidyl, sphingosine, sphingoid, Phosphoric residue	Ptd, Sph, Spd, P

^a These symbols are constructed in analogy to those already in use for amino acids and saccharides [11, 13]; they may assist the abbreviated representation of more complex lipids in a way similar to the peptides and polysaccharides. Prefixes such as 'iso-', 'tert-', 'cyclo' are specified in the symbols by lower-case superscripts (Prⁱ, Bu^t, Hx^c) or lower-case prefixes (iPr, tBu, cHx), unsaturation by, e.g., D³ for a 3,4 double bond, D³ for a 3,4 triple bond (cf. Proteins, Vol. I, pp. 96-108, in Handbook of Biochemistry, 3rd edition, edited by G. Fasman, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1976). Many of these symbols are drawn from previously published Recommendations [11, 12]. See also Appendix A.

^b Systematic and recommended trivial names of unbranched, acyclic compounds only (cf. Appendix A). Other forms are created by prefixes (e.g., 'iso-', 'tert-', 'cyclo-'). See Appendix A.

^c These symbols form a self-consistent series for a group of closely related compounds. It is recognized that other abbreviations (but no symbols) are currently in use. (See Lip-2.12.)

^d Not Glu (glutamic acid) or G (nonspecific).

^e Recommended in place of GlcUA, the 'A' being unnecessary.

^f Approved trivial name for 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose; similarly for galactose (GalNAc), etc.

^g AcNeu was recommended earlier [11]. When it is necessary to differentiate between N-acetyl and O-acetyl derivatives, NeuNAc and NeuOAc (italicized locants, in contradistinction to GalNAc, etc.) may be employed.

^h May take the form OEtN< if substitution on the nitrogen atom is to be indicated.

Appendix C. Abbreviated representation of gangliosides

Lipid Documenta		Designation according to Wiegandtb	Svennerholmc
1.	I3NeuAc-GalCer	GGal1NeuAc	-
2.	II3NeuAc-LacCer	GLac1NeuAc	GM3
3.	II3NeuGe-LacCer	GLac1NeuNGl	-
4.	II3(NeuAc)2-LacCer	GLac2NeuAc	GD3
5.	II3NeuAc/NeuGc-LacCer	GLac2NeuAc/NeuNGl	-
6.	II3NeuGc-LacCer	GLac2NeuNGl	-
7.	II3NeuAc-GgOse3Cer	GGtri1NeuAc	GM2
8.	II3NeuAc-GgOse4Cer	GGtet1NeuAc	GM1
9.	IV3NeuAc-nLcOse4Cer	GLntet1aNeuAc	GM1-GlcNAc
10.	IV6NeuAc-nLcOse4Cer	GLntet1bNeuAc	-
11.	IV2Fuc,II3NeuAc-GgOse4Cer	GGfpt1NeuAc	-
12.	IV3NeuAc-nLcOse4Cer	-	-
13.	II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4Cer	GGtet2bNeuAc	GD1b
14.	IV3NeuAc,II3NeuAc-GgOse4Cer	GGtet2aNeuAc	GD1a
15.	II3(NeuAc)3-GgOse4Cer	GGtet3bNeuAc	-
16.	IV3NeuAc,II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4Cer	GGtet3aNeuAc	GT1
17.	IV3NeuAc,II3(NeuAc)3-GgOse4Cer	GGtet4bNeuAc	-
18.	IV3(NeuAc)2II3(NeuAc)3-GgOse4Cer	GGtet5NeuAc	-
19.	IV3NeuAc,II3NeuAc-GgOse5Cer	GGpt2aNeuAc	-

^a To indicate linkage points and anomeric form: Fuc should be written (1aFuc); NeuAc should be written (2aNeuAc); (NeuAc)₂ should be written (2aNeuAc8)₂; etc. If these features are assumed or defined, the short form used in this column is more convenient for use in texts and tables.

^b The subscripts to G (for ganglioside), from 7 on, have the meanings: Gtri = gangliotriose, Gtet = gangliotetraose, Litet = lactoisotetraose, Gpt = gangliopentaose, Gfpt = gangliofucopentaose [Wiegand, H. (1973) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 354, 1049].

^c G = ganglioside, M = monosialo, D = disialo, T = trisialo. Arabic numerals indicate sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms [Svennerholm, L. (1963) J. Neurochem. 10, 613].

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