Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996)
Contents
- Preamble
- 2-Carb-0. Historical development of carbohydrate nomenclature
- 0.1. Early approaches
- 0.2. The contribution of Emil Fischer
- 0.3. Cyclic forms
- 0.4. Nomenclature commissions
- 2-Carb-1. Definitions and conventions
- 2-Carb-2. Parent monosaccharides
- 2.1. Choice of parent structure
- 2.2. Numbering and naming of the parent structure
- 2.2.1. Numbering
- 2.2.2. Choice of parent name
- 2.2.3. Choice between alternative names for substituted derivatives
- 2-Carb-3. The Fischer projection of the acyclic form
- 2-Carb-4. Configurational symbols and prefixes
- 4.1. Use of D and L
- 4.2. The configurational atom
- 4.3. Configurational prefixes in systematic names
- 4.4. Racemates and meso forms
- 4.5. Optical rotation
- 2-Carb-5. Cyclic forms and their representation
- 5.1. Ring size
- 5.2. The Fischer projection
- 5.3. Modified Fischer projection
- 5.4. The Haworth representation
- 5.5. Unconventional Haworth representations
- 5.6. The Mills depiction
- 5.7. Depiction of conformation
- 5.8. Conformations of acyclic chains
- 2-Carb-6. Anomeric forms; use of α and β
- 6.1. The anomeric centre
- 6.2. The anomeric reference atom and the anomeric configurational symbol
- 6.3. Mixtures of anomers
- 6.4. Use of α and β
- 2-Carb-7. Conformation of cyclic forms
- 7.1. The conformational descriptor
- 7.2. Notation of ring shape
- 7.3. Notation of variants
- 7.4. Enantiomers
- 2-Carb-8. Aldoses
- 8.1. Trivial names
- 8.2. Systematic names
- 8.3. Multiple configurational prefixes
- 8.4. Multiple sets of chiral centres
- 8.5. Anomeric configuration in cyclic forms of higher aldoses
- 2-Carb-9. Dialdoses
- 2-Carb-10. Ketoses
- 2-Carb-11. Diketoses
- 11.1. Systematic names
- 11.2. Multiple sets of chiral centres
- 2-Carb-12. Ketoaldoses (aldoketoses, aldosuloses)
- 2-Carb-13. Deoxy sugars
- 13.1. Trivial names
- 13.2. Names derived from trivial names of sugars
- 13.3. Systematic names
- 13.4. Deoxy alditols
- 2-Carb-14. Amino sugars
- 2-Carb-15. Thio sugars and other chalcogen analogues
- 2-Carb-16. Other substituted monosaccharides
- 16.1. Replacement of hydrogen at a non-terminal carbon atom
- 16.2. Replacement of OH at a non-terminal carbon atom
- 16.3. Unequal substitution at a non-terminal carbon atom
- 16.4. Terminal substitution
- 16.5. Replacement of carbonyl oxygen by nitrogen (imines, hydrazones, osazones etc.)
- 16.6. Isotopic substitution and isotopic labelling
- 2-Carb-17. Unsaturated monosaccharides
- 17.1. General principles
- 17.2. Double bonds
- 17.3. Triple bonds and cumulative double bonds
- 2-Carb-18. Branched-chain sugars.
- 2-Carb-19. Alditols
- 2-Carb-20. Aldonic acids
- 2-Carb-21. Ketoaldonic acids
- 2-Carb-22. Uronic acids
- 2-Carb-23. Aldaric acids
- 2-Carb-24. O-Substitution
- 2-Carb-25. N-Substitution
- 2-Carb-26. Intramolecular anhydrides
- 2-Carb-27. Intermolecular anhydrides
- 2-Carb-28. Cyclic acetals
- 2-Carb-29. Hemiacetals and hemithioacetals
- 2-Carb-30. Acetals, ketals and their thio analogues
- 2-Carb-31. Names for monosaccharide residues
- 31.1. Glycosyl residues
- 31.2. Monosaccharides as substituent groups
- 31.3. Bivalent and tervalent residues
- 2-Carb-32. Radicals, cations and anions
- 2-Carb-33. Glycosides and glycosyl compounds
- 2-Carb-34. Replacement of ring oxygen by other elements
- 34.1. Replacement by nitrogen or phosphorus
- 34.2. Replacement by carbon
- 2-Carb-35. Carbohydrates containing additional rings
- 35.1. Use of bivalent substituent prefixes
- 35.2. Ring fusion methods
- 35.3. Spiro systems
- 2-Carb-36. Disaccharides
- 36.1. Definition
- 36.2. Disaccharides without a free hemiacetal group
- 36.3. Disaccharides with a free hemiacetal group
- 36.4. Trivial names
- 2-Carb-37. Oligosaccharides
- 37.1. Oligosaccharides without a free hemiacetal group
- 37.2. Oligosaccharides with a free hemiacetal group
- 37.3. Branched oligosaccharides
- 37.4. Cyclic oligosaccharides
- 37.5. Oligosaccharide analogues
- 2-Carb-38. Use of symbols for defining oligosaccharide structures
- 38.1. General considerations
- 38.2. Representations of sugar chains
- 38.3. The extended form
- 38.4. The condensed form
- 38.5. The short form
- 2-Carb-39. Polysaccharides
- 39.1. Names for homopolysaccharides
- 39.2. Designation of configuration of residues
- 39.3. Designation of linkage
- 39.4. Naming of newly discovered polysaccharides
- 39.5. Uronic acid derivatives.
- 39.6. Amino sugar derivatives
- 39.7. Polysaccharides composed of more than one kind of residue
- 39.8. Substituted residues
- 39.9. Glycoproteins, proteoglycans and peptidoglycans
- References
- Appendix. Trivial Names for Carbohydrates and Derivatives with their Systematic Equivalents and Symbols (non-limiting list)
- Glossary of Glycose-based Terms
Continue to the next section with Preface, 2-Carb-0 and 2-Carb-1 of Nomenclature of Carbohydrates.
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